Coronaviruses (CoV) are immeasurable family of viruses that cause sickness ranging from the common cold to more severe viruses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). 2-14 days represents the present official estimated range for the novel coronavirus COVID-19. There is no formulation have been prepared till now which can be used safe and effective for the treatment of COVID-19. Major 3 types of targets of Coronavirus were identified by researches, which are as follow-1) Inhibit coronavirus at a structural level, 2) Inhibit Coronavirus RNA synthesis and replication and 3) inhibit virulence factor of Coronavirus. Certain herbal medicines like Tribulus terrestris, Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum, and Phyllanthus emblica have potent anti-viral (Anti-COV-19) properties against novel Coronavirus, which is indicating new sunrise within the direction of herbal medicine.

The objective of this study was to explore the potential antihyperlipidemic effect of Vicoa Indica (Compositae) extract in atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of V. Indica is evaluated for antihyperlipidemic activity. Antihyperlipidemic drug simvastatin (3mg/kg /bw) was used as a standard. In atherogenic diet induced model, methanol extract exhibited significant serum lipid lowering effect in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and rise in high density lipoprotein (HDL) in hyperlipidemic rats as compared to hyperlipidemic control statistically. The results of the study were confirmed that methanol extract of Vicoa Indica exposed a significant antihyperlipidemic activity and it could be a possible herbal therapy as adjuvant with prevailing therapy for the treatment of high cholesterol in blood.

Daniellia oliveri is a plant that is used in the Nigerian traditional medicine as astringent, painkiller, anti-inflammatory, abortifacient, anti-diarrhoea, aphrodisiac, antidote, antibacterial and diuretic for decades. Some of these uses have been verified scientifically, yet, there are no records on the use of D.oliveri leaf and root extracts to treat snake-bite. The aim of this present study is to isolate the bioactive compound and evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-snake venom activities of D.oliveri leaf and root extracts against N.nigricollis venom. Isolation of compounds was carried out by silica gel column chromatography. Bioactive compounds were characterized using GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Carrageen an-induced paw edema was used to assess the ability of the extracts to reduced inflammations. Lyophilized N.nigricollis venom was dissolved in appropriate PBS solution and constituted into various concentrations needed. The standard drug was lyophilized polyvalent antiserum. Evaluation of leaf and root extracts were carried out to assess its potency on N.nigricollis snake venom by examining parameters such as enzymatic activities, lethality, necrotizing, paw edema-forming and hemorrhagic activities. Results showed that the extracts contain various phytochemicals like saponins, flavonoids, tannins, balsam and steroids. LD50 of both extracts were found to be greater than 5000mg/kg b.w. The extracts greatly reduced diameter of paw edema in dose-related manner. Enzymatic activities of the venom were mostly inhibited by the pure compounds and ethyl acetate fraction on phospholipase A2 (PLA2), acetyl cholinesterase and 5-nucleotidase, while necrotizing activity paw edema area and lethality of the snake venom was reduced in dose-dependent fashion. GC-MS, HMR (1D and 2D-NMR) showed phenolic as bioactive compounds inhibiting the N.nigricollis venom activities in the rats. The study therefore showed that D.oliveri extracts possessed potent anti-venom activities against Najanigricollis venom, with the root extracts showing the highest anti-snake venom activities. The further justified the claims of using the leaves and roots extract to treat N.nigricollis snake venom in folkloric medicine.

A comprehensive morphological and micro‐morphological study of the nutlets of five Libyan Salvia species (Lamiaceae) was conducted to evaluate nutlets characteristics by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differences in surface ornamentation, size, shape and color were observed between the species. The studied species were categorized in three basic types based on surface ornamentation: irregular prominences, regular prominences and smooth nutlets. The shape of nutlets were described as oblong, ovoid‐oblong to globose‐subglobose and their size range is 2-3.5mm in length and 1.5-2.5mm in width. Nutlet micromorphological characteristics such as surface ornamentation can be useful for classification and identification of Salvia species in Libya.

Organphosphorus insecticide, dimethoate (DM), is a systemic insecticide widely used in agriculture and domestic pest control. Graviola may be a natural product tree with numerous employments in conventional and elective pharmaceutical. Therefore, the present experiment was carried out to determine the effectiveness of graviola in alleviating the toxicity of dimethoate (DM) on certain hemato-biochemical parameters and lipid peroxidation of male New Zealand white rabbits. Five rabbits per group were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: 0mg graviola and 0mg dimethoate/kg body weight (BW) (control); 100mg AA/kgBW; 43.2mg dimethoate/kgBW (1/50 LD50); 43.2mg dimethoate plus 100mg graviola/kg BW. Rabbits were orally administered their respective doses every other day for 6 weeks. Evaluations were made for lipid peroxidation and hemato-biochemical parameters. Results indicated that treatment with graviola did not affect red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and packed cell volume (PCV), while, increase platelet count (PLT), and hemoglobin (Hb). On the other hand DM decrease RBC, Hb, PCV and PLT, while increase WBC. The presence of graviola with DM returned the values of the previous parameters to near to the control values. Treatment with DM resulted in significant (P<0.05) increase in the activities of blood plasma AST and ALT, (ɣ-GT), urea, creatinine and TBARS while ALP were significantly (P<0.05) decreased compared with control group. Graviola alone caused significant (P<0.05) decrease in the activities of AST and ALT, (ɣ-GT) urea, creatinine and TBARS while AlP caused insignificant (P<0.05) increase in these parameters compared with control. Also, the present study showed that graviola can be effective in the protection of dimethoate-induced toxicity.